Maaperäprofiilia

Maaperäprofiili, or soil profile, refers to a vertical section of soil extending from the surface down to the parent material. It is composed of distinct layers, known as horizons, each with unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. These horizons form over time due to various soil-forming processes, including weathering of rock, accumulation of organic matter, and the movement of water and dissolved substances.

The uppermost horizon, often labeled O, is rich in organic matter, such as decomposing leaves and plant debris. Below this is the A horizon, also called topsoil, which is a mixture of mineral particles and organic matter, supporting plant growth. The E horizon, if present, is a layer of eluviation, where leached materials have been removed. The B horizon, or subsoil, is a zone of illuviation, where materials washed down from above accumulate. Deeper still is the C horizon, consisting of partially weathered parent material, and finally, the R horizon, which is the unweathered bedrock.

The study of soil profiles is crucial in various fields, including agriculture, forestry, and environmental science. Understanding the characteristics of different horizons helps in determining soil fertility, drainage, and suitability for specific land uses. Soil scientists analyze the color, texture, structure, and chemical composition of each horizon to classify soils and predict their behavior. Variations in soil profiles across landscapes provide insights into the geological history and environmental conditions of an area.