Maaperähorisonttien

Maaperähorisontit refer to the distinct layers or strata that develop within a soil profile. These layers, also known as soil horizons, are formed through various soil-forming processes such as weathering, decomposition, leaching, and accumulation of organic matter and minerals. Each horizon is characterized by its unique physical, chemical, and biological properties, which are a result of these processes acting over time.

The most common master horizons are designated by letters: O, A, E, B, C, and R. The O horizon is the uppermost layer, consisting primarily of organic material like leaf litter and decomposing plant and animal remains. Below the O horizon is the A horizon, often called the topsoil, which is a mixture of mineral soil and organic matter, typically dark in color and rich in nutrients. The E horizon, if present, is a layer of eluviation where leached materials from above are removed, often appearing lighter in color. The B horizon, or subsoil, is a zone of illuviation, where materials leached from above accumulate, such as clays, iron, and aluminum. The C horizon consists of partially weathered parent material, showing signs of weathering but still resembling the original rock. Finally, the R horizon is the unweathered bedrock.

The specific sequence and characteristics of these horizons can vary significantly depending on factors like climate, parent material, topography, time, and biological activity. The study of soil horizons is crucial in soil science for understanding soil genesis, classifying soils, and assessing their suitability for various uses, including agriculture, forestry, and construction.