Lysyylioksidaasi

Lysyylioksidaasi (LOX) is a family of copper-dependent oxidases that play a crucial role in extracellular matrix formation and remodeling. These enzymes are primarily responsible for the oxidative deamination of the epsilon-amino group of specific lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen and elastin precursor proteins. This process generates reactive aldehyde species, which then undergo spontaneous cross-linking reactions between adjacent protein molecules. These cross-links are essential for conferring tensile strength, elasticity, and structural integrity to connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and blood vessels.

Mammalian genomes encode multiple lysyl oxidase family members, including LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4. These members exhibit distinct expression patterns and substrate specificities, contributing to the specialized functions of different tissues. Dysregulation of lysyl oxidase activity has been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, including fibrotic diseases, cancer progression and metastasis, and cardiovascular disorders. For instance, excessive LOX activity can lead to tissue stiffening and fibrosis, while its role in cancer involves promoting tumor cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Research into lysyl oxidases continues to explore their therapeutic potential for treating these diseases.