Lungworts

Lungworts, or Pulmonaria, are a genus of herbaceous perennials in the family Boraginaceae, native to Europe and western Asia. The genus comprises multiple species and is valued in gardens for its early spring interest. The name Pulmonaria refers to the historical belief that the spotted leaves resemble diseased lungs, a connection tied to the Doctrine of Signatures; the common name lungwort derives from the same idea.

Plants form low rosettes of evergreen or semi-evergreen leaves, often with silver or white spots. Leaves are typically oval and hairy. In spring, erect flower stems bear dense racemes of tubular, two-lipped flowers. Colors range from pink to blue, and many flowers change color as they age from pink buds to blue or violet blossoms.

Lungworts thrive in partial shade and rich, moist, well-drained soils, often under deciduous trees or in woodland borders. They spread by creeping rhizomes and seed, forming useful groundcovers but can be vigorous in favorable conditions. Flowers provide early nectar for bees and other pollinators.

In cultivation they are valued for early-season foliage and blooms, with many cultivars offering variegated leaves. They prefer shade to partial shade and consistent moisture; plant in humus-rich soil. Propagation is by division in spring or autumn, or by seed. They can be susceptible to powdery mildew in dry conditions and to slug damage on young growth; good air circulation and moisture help mitigate problems.