Luftvägsstenos

Luftvägsstenos refers to a narrowing of the airway, which can affect any part of the respiratory tract from the nose and mouth down to the lungs. This narrowing impedes the normal flow of air, making breathing more difficult. The causes of luftvägsstenos are diverse and can include congenital anomalies present from birth, trauma such as injuries to the neck or chest, infections leading to inflammation and swelling, or prolonged intubation. Benign and malignant tumors originating in or pressing on the airway can also cause stenosis.

Symptoms of luftvägsstenos vary depending on the severity and location of the narrowing. Common signs include stridor, a high-pitched whistling sound during breathing, shortness of breath, noisy breathing, and a persistent cough. In severe cases, individuals may experience retractions, where the skin between the ribs or above the collarbone visibly pulls inward with each breath, indicating significant respiratory distress. Fatigue and cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen, can also occur.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, listening to breath sounds with a stethoscope, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans to visualize the airway. Bronchoscopy, a procedure where a flexible camera is inserted into the airway, is often used for direct visualization and to assess the extent of the stenosis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Options range from conservative management with medications to reduce inflammation, to surgical interventions like stenting to hold the airway open, or reconstructive surgery to remove scar tissue or tumors. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to improve breathing and prevent complications.