Laktaatti
Laktaatti, or lactate in English, is the conjugate base of lactic acid and a common metabolite in humans and other animals. It exists mainly as the lactate anion in the body at physiological pH and is produced and utilized in many tissues. The chemical form most relevant to physiology is the lactate ion (C3H5O3−); lactic acid itself has the formula C3H6O3 and a pKa around 3.86.
Metabolism and transport: Lactate is produced from pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during anaerobic
Physiological role: Lactate is not merely a waste product; it serves as an energy substrate, a signaling
Clinical significance: Elevated blood lactate is a biomarker for tissue hypoxia, sepsis, shock, and certain metabolic
History and nomenclature: Lactic acid was first isolated in 1780 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele from sour milk.