Kütuste

Kütuste are substances that release energy through chemical reactions, typically combustion, and serve as energy carriers in various sectors. They are used to power vehicles, heat buildings, and generate electricity. Kütuseid can be solid, liquid, or gaseous and may be fossil or renewable in origin.

Classification of kütused generally divides them into fossil and non-fossil categories. Fossil kütused include coal, crude oil, and natural gas, formed from ancient biological material over geological timescales. Non-fossil kütused include biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas; hydrogen and ammonia used as fuels; and synthetic fuels produced from electricity or other feedstocks.

Properties and measurements of kütus influence how they are used. Key considerations include energy density, ignition characteristics, combustion efficiency, and emissions. Environmental concerns focus on carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions, while lifecycle assessments evaluate overall impact from production to end use.

Applications and infrastructure involve the full chain from extraction or production to end use. Fuels power cars, trucks, ships, and airplanes; they heat homes and industries; and they generate electricity in power plants. The fuel system encompasses extraction or processing, refining or upgrading, distribution networks, storage, and fueling facilities.

Policy and trends shape the development and use of kütused. Global and regional strategies aim to reduce emissions, improve energy security, and promote sustainable fuels. Transition approaches include electrification, the use of low-emission or renewable fuels, and the development of synthetic fuels to complement existing energy systems.