Külmkapp

Külmkapp, Estonian for refrigerator, is a household appliance used to store perishable foods at low temperatures. Most models keep the main compartment around 2–5°C and can have a freezer section at −18°C. Temperature is controlled by a thermostat; frost-free models use heaters to prevent frost buildup.

A typical refrigeration system uses a vapor-compression cycle: a compressor circulates a refrigerant through a condenser, expansion device and evaporator, transferring heat from the interior to the outside. Air is circulated by a fan in many models. Frost-free designs avoid manual defrost by periodic defrost cycles.

Külmkapid come in several layouts. Upright refrigerators with a separate freezer compartment, bottom freezer models, top-freezer designs, French-door and side-by-side configurations, as well as compact under-counter units and built-in models. Inside, adjustable shelves, door bins and humidity-controlled drawers help organise food; many models include a freezer drawer, ice maker or water dispenser.

Efficiency varies by model and year; many countries use an energy label indicating annual consumption. Proper use and maintenance extend life: keep door seals clean, avoid overloading, maintain stable ambient temperature, and periodically clean condenser coils. Replace damaged seals promptly.

The invention of electric refrigerators began in the early 20th century, with widespread adoption after World War II. In modern households, the külmkapp is a standard appliance for food safety and convenience, with ongoing improvements in insulation, energy efficiency and smart features.