Kumulatif

Kumulatif refers to anything that results from accumulation over time or from adding sequential elements. In Indonesian, it is a general adjective meaning accumulative or totalized. The term is a loanword commonly found in formal Indonesian writing, likely derived from Dutch kumulatief or English cumulative, via Latin roots related to cumulare meaning to heap up.

In statistics and probability, kumulatif appears in phrases such as fungsi kumulatif (cumulative distribution function, CDF) and distribusi kumulatif, which describe the probability that a random variable takes a value less than or equal to a given threshold. In time series and data analysis, jumlah kumulatif or nilai kumulatif indicates a running total across observations.

In education and assessment, nilai kumulatif or indikator kumulatif refers to a student’s total score across multiple assessments, or to a cumulative grade point average used to measure overall academic performance over a period.

In epidemiology and economics, kasus kumulatif denotes the total number of cases up to a certain date, while pendapatan kumulatif or pendapatan kumulatif per periode describes total earnings accumulated over time.

Usage notes: As an adjective, kumulatif typically precedes the noun (kumulatif total, nilai kumulatif) in many contexts, but in some phrases it functions as part of a fixed term like fungsi kumulatif. The term reinforces the idea of aggregation over time or sequence and is widely used in Indonesian academic and professional language to describe totals or accumulated values.