Kuasarlar

Kuasarlar, or quasars, are extremely luminous active galactic nuclei powered by accretion of matter onto supermassive black holes at the centers of distant galaxies. They emit across the electromagnetic spectrum and can outshine their host galaxies, making them visible across vast cosmological distances. The term kuasarlar is the Kazakh plural form used for quasars.

At their core lies a supermassive black hole, typically millions to billions of solar masses, surrounded by an accretion disk. Friction heats the infalling material to extreme temperatures, producing intense ultraviolet and optical radiation. A hot corona and, in many objects, relativistic jets give rise to X-ray emission and radio waves. Gas in the broad-line region moves rapidly, broadening emission lines seen in spectra.

Quasars show diverse properties: some are radio-loud with prominent jets, others are radio-quiet. They are found in a range of host galaxies, often massive and with signs of interaction. Quasar activity peaks around redshift z ~ 2–3 and declines toward the present day. They serve as important probes of the early universe, galaxy evolution, and the growth of supermassive black holes, and are used to study cosmic reionization and large-scale structure.