Kromatoforit

Kromatoforit are specialized pigment-containing cells found in a variety of animals, most notably in cephalopods like octopuses and squids, as well as in some amphibians, fish, and crustaceans. These cells are responsible for the remarkable ability of these animals to change their skin color and patterns rapidly. The mechanism involves a sac of pigment that is surrounded by radial muscle fibers. When these muscles contract, they stretch the pigment sac, making the color more visible and spreading it over a larger area. When the muscles relax, the pigment sac shrinks, causing the color to become less apparent or disappear.

The pigments within chromatophores can vary, including yellow, red, orange, brown, and black. In some species, there are also other types of pigment cells present, such as iridophores and leucophores, which contribute to a broader range of color and reflectivity. Iridophores contain reflective platelets that can produce iridescent blues and greens, while leucophores scatter ambient light, providing white or iridescent effects. The coordinated control of these different cell types allows for sophisticated camouflage, communication, and mating displays. The nervous system directly innervates the muscles surrounding the chromatophores, enabling near-instantaneous color changes. This complex interplay of cells and muscles provides a dynamic and visually striking adaptation in the animal kingdom.