Koensüümist

Koensüümist, often referred to as coenzyme, is a non-protein organic molecule that binds to enzymes and is required for their activity. Coenzymes are often referred to as "helper molecules" because they assist in biochemical transformations of a substrate from one form to another by carrying chemical groups, electrons, or atoms. They are essential for a vast array of metabolic processes within living organisms.

Unlike enzymes, coenzymes are not consumed during the reaction and can be reused. They can be broadly classified into two types: those derived from vitamins and those that are not. Many coenzymes are derived from B vitamins, which are water-soluble vitamins crucial for energy metabolism. Examples include NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide), and Coenzyme A.

NAD+ and FAD are important in redox reactions, acting as electron carriers in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Coenzyme A plays a vital role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids and in the citric acid cycle. Other coenzymes, like ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10), are involved in the electron transport chain, a key part of ATP production. The proper functioning of coenzymes is critical for cellular health and overall organismal survival. Deficiencies in vitamins that form coenzymes can lead to various metabolic disorders and diseases.