Klinometer

A klinometer is an instrument used to measure angles of slope, elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity's direction. It is also known as a clinometer, inclinometer, or tiltmeter. Essentially, it determines the angle of inclination.

The basic principle of a klinometer involves a weighted pendulum or a bubble level. In a pendulum-based klinometer, a pointer moves along a graduated arc as the device is tilted. The arc is typically marked in degrees or percentages of slope. A bubble level klinometer uses a sealed tube filled with liquid and an air bubble. When the surface is level, the bubble is centered. As the surface tilts, the bubble moves, and its position can be read against a calibrated scale.

Klinometers have a wide range of applications. They are used in surveying and construction to measure the slope of land or the inclination of structures. Geologists use them to measure the dip of rock strata. In forestry, they help determine the height of trees by measuring the angle to the top and bottom. Hikers and climbers may use them to assess the steepness of terrain. Some specialized klinometers are also employed in navigation and aviation. The accuracy of a klinometer can vary depending on its design and calibration.