Klaviere

Klaviere is the plural form of Klavier in German, referring to the piano as a keyboard instrument whose sound is produced by hammers striking strings when keys are pressed. In German-speaking regions, Klavier typically denotes the acoustic piano, as distinct from other keyboard instruments like the organ or harpsichord, while digital pianos are described as elektronische Klaviere or digitales Klavier.

The modern piano originated in Italy in the early 18th century, with Bartolomeo Cristofori credited with the invention of the instrument around 1700. It evolved from early fortepianos, offering greater dynamic range and expressive control. By the late 18th and 19th centuries, manufacturers such as Broadwood, Streicher, and Erard developed improved actions, larger frames, iron plates, and longer strings, leading to the concert grand and the modern upright.

Acoustic Klaviere work by a keyboard action that drives hammers to strike strings; when the string resonates with the soundboard, it produces tone. The instrument's dynamic range is achieved by varying hammer speed and the use of pedals (soft pedal, sustain, sostenuto). Tuning standard is A4 = 440 Hz, though historical tunings vary.

Today Klaviere are built in two main formats: grand pianos, with horizontal strings and a lid, and upright pianos, with vertical strings and a compact cabinet. While traditional German, Austrian, and Italian makers remain influential, mass-produced pianos are now manufactured worldwide, including Asia.

In classical and contemporary music, the Klavier remains central for solo repertoire, chamber music, and accompaniment, with notable stylistic differences among manufacturers and models affecting touch and tone.