Kives

Kives is the Finnish term for the testicle, one of the two male gonads that reside in the scrotum. The paired organs produce sperm and testosterone and are essential for male fertility and secondary sexual characteristics.

Anatomy: Each kives is enclosed by a tough capsule called the tunica albuginea and is divided into lobules that contain seminiferous tubules, where sperm are formed. Interstitial Leydig cells produce testosterone. The epididymis runs along the posterior edge of the testis, where sperm mature and are stored. The scrotum provides a cooler environment than the rest of the body, which aids spermatogenesis.

Vascular and nerve supply: Blood is delivered by the testicular arteries and drained by the pampiniform plexus, which helps regulate temperature. Lymphatic drainage goes to the retroperitoneal nodes. Innervation includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that regulate blood flow and sensation.

Development and descent: During fetal development, the gonads originate near the kidneys and descend into the scrotum through the inguinal canal, guided by the gubernaculum. Cryptorchidism (undescended testis) increases risks of infertility and cancer and may require treatment.

Function and fertility: Spermatogenesis occurs at a temperature slightly below core body temperature, producing sperm capable of fertilization. Testosterone from the Leydig cells supports puberty, muscle mass, and libido.

Medical considerations: Torsion, a twisting of the spermatic cord, is a medical emergency. Testicular cancer is most common in young men and may present as a lump. Other conditions include hydrocele (fluid around the testis) and varicocele (dilated veins). Regular self-examination and prompt medical evaluation of new lumps or pain are advised.