Kiina

Kiina, also known as China in English, is a country in East Asia and the world's most populous nation. Its capital and political center is Beijing, and the largest city by population is Shanghai. The country covers about 9.6 million square kilometers, with a coastline along the Pacific Ocean and borders that reach across diverse terrain, from deserts and plateaus in the west to fertile river basins in the east.

The People's Republic of China operates as a unitary socialist state led by the Communist Party. The government is organized with the National People’s Congress as the state legislature and a presidency and premier serving as head of state and head of government. Power is highly centralized, with the party maintaining ultimate authority over policy and governance.

Economically, China has developed into one of the largest economies in the world, characterized by a large manufacturing sector, extensive export activity, and ongoing reforms to integrate market mechanisms with state planning. The economy features major industries such as electronics, machinery, textiles, and steel, alongside rising service and technology sectors.

Demographically, China has a Han Chinese majority and fifty-five officially recognized ethnic groups. Standard Mandarin is the official language, while numerous regional languages and dialects are used in daily life. The population is increasingly urban and aging, with significant rural-to-urban migration shaping social and economic patterns.

China’s historical trajectory spans ancient civilizations, imperial dynasties, the Republic era, and the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949. Since the late 1970s, reform and opening policies have accelerated economic growth and global integration. China plays a central role in international affairs, trade, and global governance.