Keratinizáltak

Keratinizáltak is a Hungarian term referring to structures or tissues that have undergone keratinization. Keratinization, also known as cornification, is a process where cells, particularly epidermal cells, accumulate keratin, a tough, fibrous protein. This process is crucial for forming protective barriers in the body.

In vertebrates, the most prominent example of keratinization occurs in the epidermis of the skin. Here, cells migrate from the basal layer towards the surface, undergoing significant changes. As they mature, they fill with keratin, lose their nuclei and organelles, and eventually become flattened, dead cells that form the outermost protective layer, the stratum corneum. This layer prevents water loss, protects against mechanical damage, and acts as a barrier against pathogens.

Keratinized structures are not limited to the skin. They are also found in derivatives of the epidermis, such as hair, nails, feathers, scales, and the hooves or horns of animals. These structures are composed primarily of keratin and serve various functions, including insulation, protection, locomotion, and display.

The degree of keratinization can vary depending on the location and function of the tissue. For instance, the skin on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands is more heavily keratinized to withstand greater wear and tear. In contrast, the keratinization in the cornea of the eye is different, adapted for transparency. Diseases or abnormal conditions can also affect the keratinization process, leading to conditions like hyperkeratosis (excessive keratinization) or hypokeratosis (insufficient keratinization).