Kefalosporin

Kefalosporin, also known as cephalosporins, are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. They are derived from the fungus Acremonium, formerly known as Cephalosporium. Kefalosporins work by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death. They are broadly classified into several generations, with each generation generally exhibiting a broader spectrum of activity against different types of bacteria.

The first-generation kefalosporins, such as cephalexin, are primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria. Second-generation kefalosporins, like cefaclor, offer slightly broader coverage, including some Gram-negative bacteria. Third-generation kefalosporins, such as ceftriaxone, have even more extended Gram-negative activity and are often used for serious infections. Fourth-generation kefalosporins, such as cefepime, are active against a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including some that are resistant to other antibiotics. There are also fifth-generation kefalosporins, like ceftaroline, which have activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Kefalosporins are administered orally or intravenously, depending on the specific drug and the severity of the infection. Common side effects can include gastrointestinal disturbances, rash, and allergic reactions. Individuals with a known penicillin allergy may also be allergic to kefalosporins, although the risk is generally lower than with other beta-lactam antibiotics. Resistance to kefalosporins can develop in bacteria through various mechanisms, necessitating careful use and monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility.