Kateteret

Kateteret is a medical device that allows direct access to the body's internal structures for the purpose of diagnosis, therapy, or monitoring. It consists of a thin, flexible tube made from materials such as silicone, polyurethane, or polyethylene. The outer diameter of a catheter can range from less than one millimetre to several millimetres, depending on its intended use, while the inner lumen is designed to accommodate the flow of fluids, gases, or instruments.

Common types of kateteret include urinary catheters, central venous catheters, arterial catheters, and spinal or epidural catheters. Urinary catheters are used to drain the bladder, typically in patients with urinary retention or during surgery. Central venous catheters provide access to large veins, enabling the delivery of medications, nutrition, or blood products, as well as the measurement of central venous pressure. Arterial catheters allow continuous monitoring of arterial pressure and blood sampling. Spinal catheters are inserted into the epidural or subarachnoid space for analgesia or anesthesia.

Insertion requires sterile technique and may involve imaging guidance, for instance with fluoroscopy or ultrasound, to minimise complications. After placement, the catheter is usually secured with sutures or adhesive dressings. Maintenance includes regular flushing with saline or heparinised solutions to prevent blockage, and the catheter must be removed or replaced according to clinical guidelines or if signs of infection or dysfunction appear.

Complications associated with kateteret use include infection, thrombosis, embolism, and mechanical injury to the target organ or vessel. Prophylactic strategies include aseptic insertion, proper catheter care bundles, and the use of antimicrobial or heparin-coated devices. Surveillance of catheter-related infections is essential in both hospital and outpatient settings to ensure patient safety and optimise outcomes.