Karstifikaatio

Karstifikaatio is a geological process that shapes landscapes through the dissolution of soluble rocks, most commonly limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. This dissolution is primarily driven by rainwater that has absorbed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and soil, forming a weak carbonic acid. As this acidic water seeps into the ground, it chemically weathers and dissolves the rock along its fractures and bedding planes.

Over long periods, this continuous dissolution creates distinctive karst features. Underground, this results in the formation of caves, sinkholes (also known as dolines), underground rivers, and vast cave systems. Surface manifestations can include disappearing streams, uvalas (larger depressions formed by the merging of several sinkholes), and poljes (large, flat-floored depressions). The topography of karst regions is often characterized by rugged, uneven terrain with limited surface water bodies due to the water's tendency to flow underground.

Karst landscapes are found in many parts of the world where soluble bedrock is present and sufficient rainfall occurs. These environments often have unique ecosystems adapted to the specific hydrological conditions and soil types found in karst areas. The presence of caves and underground water systems also makes karst regions important for groundwater resources, but they can be susceptible to contamination due to the direct connection between surface and subsurface water.