Karmapas

Karmapas are the lineage of reincarnate lamas who head the Karma Kagyu, one of the major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The title denotes a succession of tulkus believed to be the rebirths of the previous Karmapa. The first Karmapa, Dusum Khyenpa (1110–1193), established the line in the 12th century. Karmapas are traditionally regarded as emanations of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of compassion, and as custodians of the Karma Kagyu teachings, including the Mahamudra meditation tradition.

In modern times the line has been marked by controversy over succession. After the death of the 16th Karmapa Rangjung Rigpe Dorje (1904–1981), two figures were widely recognized by rival factions as the 17th Karmapa: Ogyen Trinley Dorje (born 1985) and Trinley Thaye Dorje (born 1983). Ogyen Trinley Dorje was recognized in 1992 by the Tai Situpa and enthroned in India; Trinley Thaye Dorje was recognized in 1992 by the Shamar Rinpoche lineage. Supporters of each claimant continue to regard their respective Karmapa as authentic, and both lead centers and monasteries. The dispute remains unresolved within the broader Karma Kagyu.

The Karmapa’s traditional seat was at Tsurphu Monastery in Tibet, and since the late 20th century the Karmapa has overseen international centers such as Karma Triyana Dharmachakra in Woodstock, New York. Today the Karmapa remains a central symbol for the Karma Kagyu tradition, guiding spiritual education, monastic and lay communities, and the global transmission of Mahamudra practice.