Karburants

Karburants are energy carriers used primarily to power internal combustion engines in road transport, aviation, shipping, and industry. They are typically liquids or gases derived from fossil sources, refined or treated to optimize combustion properties, storage stability, and safety. The choice of karburant depends on engine design, efficiency, and regulatory requirements.

Common fossil-based karburants include petrol (gasoline) and diesel, as well as kerosene used in some aviation and heating applications. Gases such as natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are used in specialized engines. Renewable and recycled sources provide biofuels, including ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel, and hydrogen produced from various methods. Blends such as E10, E85, and B20 are widespread in many markets.

Key properties affecting performance are energy density, octane rating (for gasoline), cetane rating (for diesel), ignition characteristics, and lubricity. Safety concerns include flammability, storage temperature, and corrosivity. The fuel system, including tanks, injectors, and filters, must be compatible with the karburant to avoid engine damage and emissions issues.

Environmental considerations focus on greenhouse gas emissions and local pollutants. Combustion of karburants emits CO2, methane, nitrous oxides, particulates, and other pollutants. Policies and standards aim to reduce emissions, promote cleaner fuels, and encourage electrification or energy-efficient propulsion. The transition often involves compatibility challenges between new fuels and legacy engines.

Global karburant markets are governed by refining capacity, supply chains, and regulatory regimes that set quality standards, sulfur limits, and blending rules. Quality control, distribution infrastructure, and price volatility influence fuel availability and choice across regions.