KarBon

Karbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is a nonmetal that occupies a central role in chemistry and biology due to its tetravalence, allowing it to form diverse covalent compounds. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass and a principal element in organic life on Earth.

Allotropes: The element exists in multiple forms with distinct structures and properties. Diamond features a three-dimensional covalent network, making it extremely hard. Graphite consists of layered planes of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal lattices; its layers slide easily, giving lubricity and electrical conductivity along planes. Graphene, a single-atom-thick sheet derived from graphite, exhibits exceptional strength and conductivity. Other forms include fullerenes and amorphous carbon.

Occurrence and production: In nature, carbon occurs mainly in carbonate minerals, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and as organic matter. It is cycled through the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and lithosphere. Humans extract carbon from coal, oil, and natural gas and use it to produce fuels and a wide range of materials.

Isotopes and dating: Carbon has several isotopes. The stable isotopes are 12C and 13C; 14C is radioactive and is widely used in radiocarbon dating and tracing studies.

Uses and applications: Carbon compounds dominate organic chemistry and biochemistry. Industrially important forms include graphite and carbon fibers; carbon black as a pigment; activated carbon for filtration; and novel materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. Carbon-based materials are used in energy storage, electronics, catalysts, and construction. Combustion of carbon-rich fuels releases energy but also carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change. Carbon capture and storage technologies aim to mitigate emissions.

History and naming: Charcoal and soot were known since ancient times; carbon was identified as a chemical element during the 18th century. The name derives from Latin carbo, meaning coal.

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