Isotoppi

Isotoppi, or isotopes, are variants of a particular chemical element that differ in neutron number. While all isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, they contain varying numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. This variation results in different atomic masses for the isotopes of a single element.

Isotopes can be classified as stable or unstable (radioactive). Stable isotopes do not undergo radioactive decay, while unstable isotopes decay over time, releasing radiation in the process. The rate of decay is characteristic of each radioactive isotope and is measured by its half-life, the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay.

Isotopes have numerous applications across various fields. In medicine, radioactive isotopes are used in imaging techniques like PET scans and as tracers for diagnosing and treating diseases. In archaeology and geology, isotopic analysis helps determine the age of artifacts and rock layers through techniques like radiocarbon dating. Isotopes are also used in industry for processes such as quality control, material analysis, and sterilization.

The discovery of isotopes is credited to Frederick Soddy, who in 1913 recognized that certain elements exhibit different forms with the same chemical properties but different atomic masses. This understanding was crucial for the development of nuclear physics and chemistry. Today, the study of isotopes continues to provide insights into fundamental aspects of atomic structure and the behavior of matter.