Isomeros

Isomeros are compounds that share the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms or the spatial orientation of groups. The term, derived from the Greek root “isos” meaning equal and “meros” meaning part, is used in chemistry to describe structural or stereoisomerism. Structural isomers exhibit different connectivity of atoms, such as the difference between butane and isobutane. Stereoisomers maintain the same connectivity but possess different three‑dimensional arrangements. Within stereoisomerism there are enantiomers, which are mirror images that are non‑superimposable, and diastereomers, which are not mirror images. Racemates are mixtures of equal amounts of enantiomers.

Isomeros play a crucial role in many scientific fields. In organic synthesis, the selectivity of a reaction often depends on the particular isomeric product formed. In pharmacology, enantiomers can have distinct biological activities; a single drug may contain an active enantiomer and an inactive or even harmful one. The field of stereochemistry also informs the design of materials, catalysts, and sensors.

Analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chromatography are essential for distinguishing and characterizing isomeros. The study of isomeros deepens the understanding of molecular behaviour and enables precise manipulation of chemical properties for industrial, medicinal, and technological applications.