IraqIran

Iraq–Iran relations refer to the bilateral relationship between the Republic of Iraq and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The two countries share a long land border and have historically intertwined political, religious, and economic ties. The modern boundary emerged in the 20th century as state structures formed in the region, and border disputes culminated in the 1975 Algiers Agreement, which was later followed by the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988.

The Iran–Iraq War severely shaped relations, with heavy casualties and a long-running stalemate. After the war, Iraq faced international sanctions while Iran pursued influence in Iraq's post-Saddam political order. Following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, Iran emerged as a substantial political and security actor in Iraq, supporting certain Iraqi political factions and allied militias, and seeking to secure influence over Baghdad's policy choices.

Economic and social ties include trade, energy, and cross-border exchanges. Iran has been a major supplier of electricity, fuel, and consumer goods to Iraq, and the two countries operate several border crossings, notably Mehran and Shalamcheh, to facilitate commerce and movement of people. Religious ties are also important, as many Shia pilgrims travel to holy sites in Karbala and Najaf, reinforcing people-to-people links.

In recent years, the relationship has been pragmatic and managed within broader regional dynamics. Both states coordinate on security along the border and in counterterrorism, while Iraq seeks to maintain sovereignty and diversify its international relations amid sanctions on Iran and shifting U.S. policy in the region.