IndiaChina

India-China relations refer to the bilateral engagement between the Republic of India and the People’s Republic of China. As neighboring Asian powers with long shared borders and a history of contact, the two countries are among the world’s most populous and economically significant. Their relationship combines extensive trade and investment with strategic competition, shaped by domestic politics, regional dynamics, and differing visions of Asia’s security architecture.

Border issues have long framed the relationship. The 1962 Sino-Indian War established a contested boundary along the Line of Actual Control, which remains partially unsettled. Since the 1990s both sides have pursued confidence-building measures and disengagement agreements, but incidents and military deployments have occurred, notably in 2020 at various sites. High-level talks and border mechanisms continue to operate, though a permanent boundary settlement has yet to be achieved.

Economic ties are substantial but asymmetrical. China is a major source of imports for India and a significant investor, while India seeks fair market access for its goods and services. Trade deficits and non-tariff barriers are common concerns. Both countries collaborate in manufacturing, infrastructure, and technology under broader regional frameworks, even as concerns over subsidies, data security, and supply chains influence policy decisions.

Diplomacy occurs through ministerial exchanges, strategic dialogues, and participation in regional groups such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS. Cultural and educational contacts remain important, though security concerns shape perceptions and policy choices. Looking forward, the India-China relationship is likely to emphasize a balance of cooperation on global challenges with careful management of disputes and strategic competition.