Immunokompleksi

Immunokompleksi, also known as immune complexes, are molecular assemblies formed when antibodies bind to antigens. Antigens are foreign substances, such as parts of viruses, bacteria, or even altered self-cells, that trigger an immune response. Antibodies are proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B cells, which are designed to recognize and neutralize specific antigens. When an antibody encounters its matching antigen, they bind together, forming an immunokomplex.

The formation of immunokompleksi is a crucial part of the adaptive immune response. These complexes serve several important functions. They can neutralize pathogens by preventing them from infecting cells or by blocking their toxic effects. Additionally, immunokompleksi act as signals to other parts of the immune system, attracting phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils. These phagocytes then engulf and remove the immunokompleksi, along with the bound antigen, clearing them from the body. This process is vital for eliminating infections and maintaining immune homeostasis.

However, under certain circumstances, the clearance of immunokompleksi can be impaired, leading to their accumulation in tissues. This deposition can trigger inflammatory responses and contribute to the development of various autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. In these conditions, the body's own immune system mistakenly targets self-antigens, leading to the formation of self-reactive immunokompleksi that damage healthy tissues. Therefore, while essential for defense, the regulation of immunokompleksi formation and clearance is critical for overall health.