Hõrendamisel

Hõrendamisel is an Estonian adverbial participle form used to express that an action occurs during the gilding process. It is derived from the verb hõrendama, which refers to gilding or applying a gold layer to a surface. The suffix -misel forms non-finite adverbial participles that describe circumstances of the main clause; thus hõrendamisel translates roughly as “in the act of gilding” or “during gilding.” The form is commonly encountered in technical, craft, and art-historical texts when outlining procedures or describing artefacts whose creation or restoration involves gilding.

In syntax, hõrendamisel functions similarly to other Estonian adverbial participles: it can be fronted or embedded in a sentence to set the contextual frame without requiring a finite verb of its own. The construction allows speakers to couple two actions, for example specifying the conditions under which a process occurs or noting a concurrent activity.

Etymology and related forms: The underlying verb is hõrendama; from it, several non-finite forms exist, including participial forms such as hõrendamisel. The related noun form is hõrendamine, meaning “the act of gilding” or “gilding process.”

See also: hõrendamine; Estonian grammar; adverbial participles; non-finite verb forms.