Hõlmab

Hõlmab is the third-person singular present tense form of the Estonian verb hõlmama, meaning to embrace, to include, or to encompass. The word is used in both literal senses (to surround or enclose something) and figurative senses (to comprise a range of elements, topics, or areas). In English translations it can be rendered as covers, includes, or encompasses, depending on context.

In usage, hõlmama is transitive and typically takes an object that denotes what is being encompassed or included. Examples include statements like "raamat hõlmab kõiki teemasid" (the book covers all topics) or "projekt hõlmab kolme etappi" (the project includes three stages). The form hõlmab is common in descriptive, analytical, and explanatory writing to indicate scope or content.

Grammatical notes: hõlma is an irregular-looking Estonian verb with standard present tense forms such as ma hõlman (I encompass), sa hõlmad (you encompass), ta hõlmab (he/she/it encompasses), and nad hõlmavad (they encompass). The word often appears with nouns in the partitive case when indicating the extent or number of elements included (for example, mitmeid/mitmeid teemasid). It is widely used across domains—literary, academic, corporate planning, and everyday language—to express the idea that a subject or object is not confined to a single aspect but rather spans a broader scope.