Hyperrefleksi

Hyperrefleksi is a medical term describing an exaggerated reflex response. Reflexes are involuntary, rapid actions performed by the body in response to stimuli. They are part of the nervous system's protective mechanisms. In hyperrefleksi, the normal reflex arc, which involves a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and often an interneuron, is hyperactive or the inhibitory pathways are impaired. This leads to a much stronger and potentially prolonged muscle contraction than is typical for the stimulus.

Several conditions can cause hyperrefleksi. Neurological disorders affecting the central nervous system are common culprits. These include spinal cord injuries, where the brain's ability to modulate spinal reflexes is lost. Conditions like multiple sclerosis, stroke, or cerebral palsy can also lead to hyperrefleksi due to damage to the brain or pathways controlling motor function. Certain metabolic imbalances or electrolyte disturbances can also transiently increase reflex excitability.

The signs of hyperrefleksi can vary. Clinically, it is often observed as spasticity, where muscles remain stiff and resistant to passive stretching. Clonus, a series of involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions, can also occur. Deep tendon reflexes, such as the knee-jerk reflex, will be markedly increased, often eliciting multiple beats or a sustained contraction. Diagnosis typically involves a neurological examination to assess reflex responses and may be supplemented by imaging studies or laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying condition and may involve medications to reduce muscle spasticity or physical therapy.