Hypernatreemia

Hypernatremia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of sodium in the blood. Sodium is an electrolyte that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. When sodium levels become too elevated, it can disrupt these vital processes.

The primary cause of hypernatremia is typically a deficit of water relative to sodium in the body. This can occur due to insufficient fluid intake, excessive water loss through sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medical conditions like diabetes insipidus. In some cases, excessive sodium intake, such as from consuming large amounts of salty foods or certain medications, can also lead to hypernatremia.

Symptoms of hypernatremia can vary depending on the severity and how quickly the sodium levels rise. Mild cases may present with thirst, dry mouth, and reduced urine output. As levels increase, individuals might experience weakness, confusion, lethargy, muscle twitching, and seizures. Severe and untreated hypernatremia can lead to coma and death.

Diagnosis is made through a blood test that measures serum sodium levels. Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying cause and gradually lowering the sodium concentration by administering fluids, usually intravenously. It is important to correct hypernatremia slowly to prevent rapid shifts in fluid balance that could harm the brain. Medical supervision is essential for managing this condition.