Hyperdiploid

Hyperdiploid refers to a condition where a cell has more than the normal diploid number of chromosomes. In humans, diploid cells typically contain 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. A hyperdiploid state means a cell has a higher number of chromosomes than this, but not a complete extra set (which would be polyploid). For example, a hyperdiploid human cell might have 47 or 48 chromosomes.

This condition is often observed in cancer cells, particularly in certain types of leukemia such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The extra chromosomes in cancer cells can lead to an imbalance in gene expression, potentially promoting uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. The specific number and type of extra chromosomes can vary and may have prognostic significance, helping to predict the course of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.

Diagnosis of hyperdiploidy is usually made through cytogenetic analysis, such as karyotyping or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which examine the chromosomes of cells. The presence of hyperdiploidy is a characteristic feature that can be used in the classification and management of various hematological malignancies. Research continues to explore the exact mechanisms by which hyperdiploidy arises and its role in cancer development and progression.