Hybridisaation

Hybridisation, or hybridization, refers to the process of combining two different entities to produce a hybrid, or to the formation of hybrid orbitals by mixing atomic orbitals in chemistry. The term is used across sciences to describe systems where components retain some distinct identities while contributing to a new, combined property or structure.

In chemistry, orbital hybridisation is a model that explains molecular geometry by mixing atomic orbitals to form new, equivalent hybrid orbitals. Common examples include sp3 hybridisation, which explains the tetrahedral shape of many carbon compounds like methane; sp2, which accounts for the planar structure of ethene; and sp, which describes linear molecules such as acetylene. Hybridisation helps rationalize bond angles, bond strengths, and the directional nature of chemical bonds.

In biology and genetics, hybridisation denotes crossing two different species, subspecies, or varieties to produce a hybrid. Hybrids can display heterosis (hybrid vigor), where they show enhanced traits, or reduced fertility, depending on compatibility. Well-known examples include the mule (horse and donkey) and various crop and ornamental plant hybrids. Plant hybridisation is often accompanied by polyploidisation, leading to allopolyploid or autopolyploid species that can be more vigorous or resilient. Reproductive barriers and genetic incompatibilities influence the success and stability of hybrids, and backcrossing can further modify hybrid lineages.

Applications of hybridisation span plant and animal breeding, genetic research, and biotechnology. In immunology, a related concept appears in hybridoma technology, where fusion of different cell types creates stable lines that produce specific antibodies. Overall, hybridisation describes a broad set of processes where distinct components combine to form a new, integrated system.