Housatonic

Housatonic is a river in the northeastern United States, running primarily through western Massachusetts and western Connecticut. The name is of Native American origin; though its exact meaning is debated, it has long been used as a place name in the region. The river rises in the Berkshire Hills and flows generally southwest and south, emptying into Long Island Sound at Stratford, Connecticut. The watershed covers parts of Berkshire and Litchfield counties in Massachusetts and portions of western Connecticut.

Geography and course: The river runs about 150 miles from its headwaters to its mouth, traversing western Massachusetts before entering Connecticut. In Massachusetts it passes through the Berkshire region, reaching the state line and continuing toward Connecticut, where it ultimately reaches the Sound. The Housatonic River valley has long shaped regional settlement, transportation, and industry.

Environmental and historical significance: The Housatonic Valley has supported industry since the 18th century, with mills and manufacturing along its banks. In the late 20th century the river became known for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination stemming from General Electric's Pittsfield facility. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designated the Housatonic River as a Superfund site, and cleanup efforts—dredging, containment, and monitoring—have been ongoing for decades.

Recreation and conservation: Today the river is used for kayaking, canoeing, fishing, and other recreational activities, and portions of the river are managed for habitat protection, flood control, and water quality. The Housatonic Railroad operates along parts of the river valley, reflecting the area's continued importance for transportation and commerce.

Namesakes: The name Housatonic is also used for places in the region, including the village of Housatonic in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, as well as for the Housatonic Railroad and various schools and businesses.