Hortator

A hortator was a minor official in the Roman Republic and Empire, primarily responsible for organizing and directing certain aspects of public life or military campaigns. The term derives from the Latin verb "hortari," meaning to urge, exhort, or encourage. In the military context, a hortator was akin to a drummer or bugler, whose role was to beat a rhythm to keep soldiers marching in unison. This was crucial for maintaining formation and pace during long marches or in the heat of battle. They would often use a drum or a horn to signal commands and maintain morale.

Beyond the military, the term could also refer to individuals who directed or encouraged public works or civic activities. For instance, in gladiatorial games, a hortator might have been responsible for encouraging the crowd and signaling transitions between events. The specific duties of a hortator could vary depending on the time period and the context in which they served. However, their overarching function was to provide direction and motivation. They were not high-ranking officials but played a practical role in ensuring order and efficiency in their respective domains.