Hepadnavirus

Hepadnavirus is a family of viruses that infect the liver. The most well-known member of this family is the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which causes hepatitis B, a serious liver infection. Hepadnaviruses are characterized by their circular, partially double-stranded DNA genome and their unique replication cycle, which involves an RNA intermediate and reverse transcription. This process is similar to that of retroviruses, although hepadnaviruses are classified separately due to their DNA genome.

Infection with hepadnaviruses, particularly HBV, can lead to both acute and chronic liver disease. Acute infection may cause symptoms like fatigue, nausea, jaundice, and abdominal pain. Chronic infection, however, can persist for decades and significantly increases the risk of developing cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Transmission of hepadnaviruses primarily occurs through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids, such as during sexual contact, sharing needles, or from an infected mother to her child during birth.

Diagnosis of hepadnavirus infection typically involves serological tests that detect viral antigens and antibodies in the blood. Antiviral medications are available to manage chronic HBV infection, aiming to suppress viral replication and reduce the risk of liver damage. However, there is no cure for chronic infection. A highly effective vaccine exists for Hepatitis B, which is crucial for preventing infection and its long-term consequences. Public health measures focus on vaccination programs and safe practices to limit transmission.