Harmalines

Harmalines are a group of related fluorescent tryptamine alkaloids found in plants of the Peganum genus, most notably *Peganum harmala* (Syrian rue). They are also present in some species of Banisteriopsis, such as *Banisteriopsis caapi*, which is a component of the Amazonian shamanic brew ayahuasca. The primary harmalines are harmaline, harmine, and tetrahydroharmine. These compounds are known for their psychoactive properties, primarily acting as reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). This inhibition increases the levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine in the brain.

Harmalines have a long history of traditional use in various cultures, particularly in the Middle East and South America, for medicinal and spiritual purposes. In ethnomedicinal practices, they have been employed as anthelmintics, antidepressants, and for inducing visionary states. In modern pharmacology, the MAO-inhibiting properties of harmalines have been of interest for potential therapeutic applications in treating depression and Parkinson's disease, although their use is often limited by side effects and potential drug interactions. Research into harmalines continues to explore their neurochemical effects and potential therapeutic benefits.