Happoemäätasapaino

Happoemäätasapaino refers to the delicate balance of acids and bases within the human body. This equilibrium is crucial for maintaining normal physiological functions, as enzymes and other biochemical processes operate within a narrow pH range. The body has several buffer systems to keep the pH of blood and tissues within tight limits, typically between 7.35 and 7.45 for arterial blood.

The primary buffer systems include the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system. The bicarbonate buffer system, consisting of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions, is the most important in the blood. If the body becomes too acidic, the bicarbonate ions can neutralize excess hydrogen ions, forming carbonic acid. Conversely, if the body becomes too alkaline, carbonic acid can release hydrogen ions to restore the balance.

Respiratory and renal mechanisms also play vital roles in acid-base balance. The lungs regulate carbon dioxide levels, which directly affects the bicarbonate buffer system. If the body is too acidic, breathing rate increases to expel more carbon dioxide. If it's too alkaline, breathing slows down. The kidneys, on the other hand, can excrete excess acids or bases and reabsorb bicarbonate ions, providing a slower but more potent regulatory mechanism.

Disruptions to this balance can lead to acid-base imbalances, such as acidosis (excess acidity) or alkalosis (excess alkalinity). These conditions can arise from various medical issues, including respiratory problems, kidney disease, metabolic disorders, or severe illness. Maintaining the proper acid-base balance is essential for cellular function and overall health.