Halmahera

Halmahera is the largest island in the Maluku Islands archipelago in Indonesia. It is part of North Maluku province, whose provincial capital is Sofifi, and it forms the western half of the chain’s northern group of islands.

Geography and environment: Halmahera is a largely mountainous island with tropical rainforest and a rugged coastline. The interior features rivers and diverse ecosystems, supporting a variety of flora and fauna. The climate is tropical, with a wet season and a dry season, and the island experiences active and dormant volcanic activity in places.

History and administration: The island has been inhabited for centuries and formed part of regional trade networks in the Maluku Islands, including the spice trade. It was encountered by European powers in the 16th century and subsequently came under colonial influence before becoming part of Indonesia. In 1999, the North Maluku Province was established, with Halmahera as its largest landmass.

Population and culture: Halmahera is ethnically diverse, with numerous communities and languages. Most residents practice Islam alongside traditional customs, and local social structures and crafts reflect a blend of influences from the wider Maluku region.

Economy and transport: The economy is based on agriculture, fishing, and forestry, with some mining and small-scale industry. The island is connected by regional air and sea routes, and serves as a logistical hub for the province, linking its communities to broader Indonesian markets.