HNO3H2SO4

HNO3H2SO4 is an informal shorthand notation sometimes used to represent a mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). This combination is commonly known as "mixed acid" or "nitrating mixture." It is a powerful nitrating agent and is widely used in industrial organic synthesis, particularly for the production of explosives and dyes. The precise composition of the mixed acid can vary depending on the intended application, but it typically involves a significant proportion of sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst and dehydrating agent, facilitating the formation of the nitronium ion (NO2+), which is the active nitrating species. The reaction of the nitronium ion with organic substrates leads to the introduction of a nitro group (-NO2). The mixture is highly corrosive and requires careful handling due to its strong oxidizing properties and the exothermic nature of nitration reactions. Safety precautions, including proper ventilation and personal protective equipment, are essential when working with HNO3H2SO4. Its historical and ongoing significance in chemical manufacturing underscores its importance in various industrial processes.