HIVSIV

HIVSIV is a term used in virology and infectious disease research to describe the study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its simian counterpart, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). It refers to the comparative biology, evolution, and experimental use of these primate lentiviruses, rather than to a single, distinct pathogen.

Origins and evolution

HIVSIV encompasses the historical emergence of HIV from SIVs found in non-human primates. HIV-1 originated from SIV strains in chimpanzees (SIVcpz), while HIV-2 arose from SIV in sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm). The study of these cross-species transmission events helps illuminate how lentiviruses adapt to new hosts, acquire human-tropic features, and diversify genetically over time.

Models and research tools

A key component of HIVSIV research is the use of SIV-based and SHIV-based models in non-human primates to investigate viral pathogenesis, transmission, and interventions. SHIVs are chimeric viruses that combine HIV-1 components with SIV backbones to mimic human HIV infection in macaques. These models support testing of vaccines, antiretroviral therapies, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and cure strategies in a controlled setting.

Genetic and biological features

Comparative studies within HIVSIV examine envelope glycoproteins, receptor usage (CD4 and coreceptors such as CCR5 or CXCR4), replication dynamics, and tissue tropism. Differences in disease progression between HIV and various SIVs provide insights into host–virus interactions and immune responses.

Applications and implications

HIVSIV informs our understanding of viral evolution, informs translational research for vaccines and therapies, and guides public health approaches to HIV prevention and treatment. Ethical considerations and biosafety are central in non-human primate research.

See also: SHIV, SIV, HIV.