Grußform

Grußform, often referred to as a closing salutation or Grußformel, denotes the closing formula used in German-language written communication. It comprises the phrases that end a message and signal politeness, formality, and the relationship between sender and recipient. The Grußform serves as a social cue, helping to establish or maintain appropriate distance and tone in correspondence.

In practice, the Grußform appears after the main text and before the signature. In formal letters, closings are typically followed by the sender’s name on the next line. The choice of Grußform depends on context, audience, and cultural norms, ranging from very formal to informal.

Common formal closings include "Mit freundlichen Grüßen" and "Mit besten Grüßen," with even more formal options such as "Mit vorzüglicher Hochachtung" or "Hochachtungsvoll" used in official or highly respectful communication. In everyday or less formal contexts, closings like "Viele Grüße," "Liebe Grüße," or "Herzliche Grüße" are common. Regional practice varies: in Germany and Austria, standard closings are widely used, while in Switzerland "Freundliche Grüsse" (or "Mit freundlichen Grüssen") reflects the local spelling conventions.

Etiquette considerations include avoiding overly informal closings in business or formal correspondence, matching the Grußform to the relationship and purpose of the message, and adapting to regional conventions. The concept of Grußform overlaps with historical conventions, where more ceremonial closings were once common in formal or official letters.