Graphites

Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon, an allotrope distinguished by its layered, planar structure. Each layer consists of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice, stacked with weak interlayer bonds. This gives graphite high electrical and thermal conductivity, chemical inertness, and a soft, slippery feel that enables layers to slide past one another.

Natural graphite occurs in three main varieties: amorphous, flake, and vein (lump). It forms during metamorphism or hydrothermal activity in carbon-rich rocks. Major producers include China, India, Brazil, Madagascar, and Sri Lanka; synthetic graphite is produced from petroleum coke and coal tar pitch for electrodes, refractories, and batteries.

Graphite serves in many applications: as a dry lubricant and as an additive for brake linings and foundry materials; as a refractory material for high-temperature processes; and as an anode material in lithium-ion and other batteries. It is also the source material for graphene and carbon fibers.

Historically, the name graphite derives from the Greek graphein, meaning "to write," reflecting its early use in pencils. The mineral has been known since ancient times and became widely exploited in the 16th–17th centuries after deposits in England were found. The term plumbago is related.

Mining and processing pose environmental and occupational concerns, including habitat disruption and inhalation of fine graphite dust. Proper safety measures and responsible sourcing are standard in industry.