Glycaemiaszabályozás

Glycaemiaszabályozás refers to the physiological processes and hormonal mechanisms that maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow physiological range. This balance is crucial for providing adequate energy to the body's cells, particularly the brain, while preventing the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.

The primary hormone involved in lowering blood glucose is insulin, secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy production or storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles, or as fat in adipose tissue. When blood glucose levels rise, such as after a meal, insulin secretion increases, facilitating glucose clearance.

Conversely, when blood glucose levels fall, such as during fasting or prolonged exercise, the hormone glucagon, also secreted by the pancreas (from alpha cells), acts to raise blood glucose. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and also promotes the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol (gluconeogenesis).

Other hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine), cortisol, and growth hormone can also influence blood glucose levels, typically by opposing the action of insulin and raising blood sugar, especially during stress or exercise. The interplay of these hormones, mediated by the pancreas and other endocrine glands, ensures that blood glucose remains within a tightly regulated range, vital for overall health and metabolic function. Disruptions to glycaemiaszabályozás can lead to conditions like diabetes mellitus.