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Glukose

Glukose, also spelled glucose in many languages, is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) with the molecular formula C6H12O6. It is an aldohexose and a reducing sugar. In solution it exists primarily as cyclic hemiacetals and interconverts between the alpha and beta anomers through mutarotation; the D-enantiomer is the form most commonly found in nature.

Glucose occurs widely in nature and is a central metabolite in energy production. It is produced by

In metabolism, glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase or glucokinase, trapping it inside cells. Through

Glucose is transported into cells by GLUT family transporters; its uptake is regulated by hormones such as

photosynthesis
in
plants
and
is
obtained
from
dietary
carbohydrates
or
synthesized
in
animals
via
gluconeogenesis.
Glucose
is
stored
as
glycogen
in
liver
and
muscle,
and
in
plants
as
starch
for
short-term
energy
storage.
glycolysis,
it
is
oxidized
to
pyruvate
with
net
production
of
ATP
and
NADH.
In
aerobic
conditions
pyruvate
enters
the
mitochondria
for
further
oxidation;
under
anaerobic
conditions
it
is
reduced
to
lactate.
The
pentose
phosphate
pathway
provides
NADPH
and
ribose-5-phosphate
for
biosynthesis
and
nucleotide
production.
insulin
and
glucagon,
helping
to
maintain
normal
blood
glucose
levels.
Industrially,
glucose
is
produced
by
hydrolysis
of
starch
and
is
used
in
foods,
fermentation,
and
as
a
starting
material
for
a
wide
range
of
biochemicals
and
polymers.