Geosciences

Geosciences are the natural sciences that study the Earth and its systems, including the materials composing the planet, the processes that shape its surfaces and interior, and the interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere. The field seeks to understand the Earth's origin, structure, and history, as well as its present dynamics and future changes. Geoscience knowledge informs resource management, hazard assessment, and environmental stewardship.

Subfields commonly described within geoscience include geology (the study of rocks and Earth’s history), geophysics (the Earth’s physical properties and processes), geochemistry (chemical composition and cycles), hydrology (water in the landscape), oceanography, and atmospheric sciences. Related disciplines include paleontology, volcanology, geomorphology, and geomatics. Planetary geoscience also extends the approach to other worlds.

Geoscientists employ a range of methods, including field observations, mapping, and sampling; laboratory analyses of minerals, isotopes, and rocks; and computer-based tools such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and numerical modeling. Geophysical techniques—seismic, magnetic, and gravity surveys—help image Earth’s interior, while climate models and hydrological models simulate dynamic processes.

Applications of geosciences span natural resource exploration and management (minerals, petroleum, groundwater), infrastructure planning and geotechnical engineering, environmental monitoring, and climate and hazard research. The discipline underpins land-use planning, disaster preparedness, and efforts to mitigate environmental change while advancing scientific understanding of Earth’s past, present, and future. Geosciences are taught worldwide in universities and research institutions, supported by professional societies and collaborative networks.