Gammaaminomaselná

Gammaaminomaselná, also known as GABA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that functions as the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. It is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and is involved in numerous physiological processes including sleep, muscle tone, and anxiety reduction.

There are two main types of GABA receptors: GABA-A and GABA-B receptors. GABA-A receptors are ionotropic, meaning they are ligand-gated ion channels. When GABA binds to these receptors, they open, allowing chloride ions to flow into the neuron, which hyperpolarizes the cell and makes it less likely to fire. GABA-B receptors are metabotropic, linked to G-proteins. Their activation leads to a cascade of intracellular events that can modulate ion channel activity and neurotransmitter release.

Disruptions in GABAergic neurotransmission have been implicated in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. For instance, low levels or impaired function of GABA have been associated with epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and insomnia. Conversely, many sedative, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant medications work by enhancing GABAergic signaling. Examples include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and certain alcohols. Research continues to explore the complex roles of GABA in brain function and its therapeutic potential.