Galpha11

Galpha11 is a protein that belongs to the guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha subunit (Gα) family. These proteins are crucial components of signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Specifically, Galpha11 is a member of the Gαq/11 subfamily, which are known to couple with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and activate phospholipase C-beta (PLCβ). Activation of PLCβ leads to the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 then triggers the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores, while DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC). These downstream events mediate a variety of cellular responses, including cell growth, differentiation, and secretion. Galpha11 plays a significant role in the regulation of these processes. It is expressed in various tissues, with notable presence in the brain, adrenal glands, and vascular smooth muscle. Mutations or dysregulation of Galpha11 have been implicated in certain diseases, highlighting its importance in cellular signaling and overall organismal health.