GPR97

GPR97, also known as G protein-coupled receptor 97 or orphan receptor 14, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. GPCRs are a large group of cell surface receptors that play crucial roles in transmitting signals across the cell membrane, influencing various physiological processes. GPR97 was first identified in the late 1990s but remains an orphan receptor, meaning its endogenous ligand has not yet been definitively identified.

The GPR97 gene is located on chromosome 12 in humans and encodes a protein of approximately 450 amino acids. The receptor is expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in regions such as the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum, as well as in the olfactory epithelium. Its expression has also been detected in other tissues, including the placenta and certain immune cells, though at lower levels.

Functionally, GPR97 appears to be involved in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Studies suggest it may play a role in regulating neuronal migration during brain development, potentially influencing cognitive functions. Additionally, research indicates that GPR97 could be involved in the modulation of pain perception and inflammatory responses, though these findings remain preliminary.

Despite its potential significance, the lack of a known ligand has hindered detailed functional characterization. Several candidate molecules, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and certain fatty acids, have been proposed as potential activators, but their interactions with GPR97 have not been conclusively proven. Structural studies have shown that GPR97 shares similarities with other GPCRs, particularly those involved in chemosensation, which may provide clues to its function.

Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of GPR97 in physiological and pathological processes. Understanding its ligand-binding properties and signaling pathways could offer insights into its potential as a therapeutic target for neurological and inflammatory disorders.